Variation in chemical composition of MSWI fly ash and dry scrubber residues

Our society generates extensive amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW), which are mainly incinerated for volume reduction and energy recovery. Though, MSW incineration hazardous air pollution control (APC) residues that must be treated deposited in appropriate landfills. An alternative to landfilling is material recovery, leading regeneration valuable products reducing amounts. The chemical composition APC residues, stemming from MSW, makes the attractive metal salt but its variation development recovery processes challenging. This study investigates results 895 X-ray fluorescence analyses fly ash dry scrubber residue samples originating Norway Sweden between 2006 2020 explore within different plants. average relative standard deviation elemental concentration was estimated 30% grate fired plants about half also clarifies compositional differences fluidized bed incinerators incinerators. Also, reported concentrations other countries than showed significant composition. presented variations importance holistic approaches valorization can substitute stabilization landfilling.